改革開(kāi)放，關(guān)鍵抉擇

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1978年12月中共十一屆三中全會(huì)召開(kāi)，正式拉開(kāi)了改革開(kāi)放的大幕。

此后40多年的實(shí)踐證明，改革開(kāi)放是決定中國(guó)當(dāng)代命運(yùn)的關(guān)鍵一招。

中國(guó)的改革首先從農(nóng)村開(kāi)始的。

1978年，安徽省滁州市鳳陽(yáng)縣小崗村，正值大旱。

為了填飽肚子，村里的生產(chǎn)隊(duì)隊(duì)長(zhǎng)嚴(yán)俊昌召集了18戶(hù)戶(hù)主圍坐在煤油燈前，秘密商討分田單干。

在一張皺巴巴的字據(jù)上，18位農(nóng)民按下了充滿(mǎn)悲壯意味的鮮紅手印。

這份“生死契約”內(nèi)容非常簡(jiǎn)單：“我們分田到戶(hù)，每戶(hù)戶(hù)主簽字蓋章。

如以后能干，每戶(hù)保證完成每戶(hù)的全年上交和公糧，不在（再）向國(guó)家伸手要錢(qián)要糧。

如不成，我們干部作（坐）牢剎（殺）頭也干（甘）心，大家社員也保證把我們的小孩養(yǎng)活到十八歲。”

由于當(dāng)時(shí)氣氛緊張，這份具有歷史意義的“生死契約”寫(xiě)得歪歪扭扭，而且還有錯(cuò)別字。

18位農(nóng)民沒(méi)有想到，他們被饑餓逼迫而成的這份“生死契約”竟無(wú)意間成了中國(guó)農(nóng)村改革的宣言書(shū)。

不久，中國(guó)農(nóng)村改革的大幕在全國(guó)拉開(kāi)。

家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任制在全國(guó)普遍推開(kāi)。

實(shí)踐證明，家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任制的實(shí)行，使中國(guó)廣大農(nóng)民獲得了充分的經(jīng)營(yíng)自主權(quán)，極大地調(diào)動(dòng)了農(nóng)民的積極性，發(fā)展了農(nóng)村生產(chǎn)力。

1965年美國(guó)人均GDP是中國(guó)的41倍，到1978年，美國(guó)人均GDP（9687美元）達(dá)到了中國(guó)（127美元）的76倍，并且差距還在不斷拉大。

歐洲國(guó)家已經(jīng)形成了高速公路網(wǎng)，而中國(guó)連一條高速公路也沒(méi)有；在法國(guó)，馬賽的索爾梅爾鋼廠(chǎng)年產(chǎn)350萬(wàn)噸鋼僅用7000名左右的工人，對(duì)比之下武漢鋼鐵生產(chǎn)230萬(wàn)噸需要近67000名工人。

中西差距之大可見(jiàn)一斑！

面對(duì)這種情況，通過(guò)一系列的考察調(diào)研、商討后，中共中央決定打開(kāi)國(guó)門(mén)搞建設(shè)。

1979年7月，中共中央和國(guó)務(wù)院根據(jù)廣東、福建兩省靠近港澳、華僑眾多的有利條件，決定對(duì)兩省的對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)實(shí)行特殊政策和優(yōu)惠措施。

1980年5月，又決定在廣東的深圳、珠海、汕頭和福建的廈門(mén)設(shè)置經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)。

隨后的幾年時(shí)間里，又陸續(xù)決定開(kāi)放大連、秦皇島、天津、煙臺(tái)等14個(gè)沿海港口城市和分兩步開(kāi)放長(zhǎng)江三角洲、珠江三角洲、閩南廈漳泉三角地區(qū)、遼東半島、膠東半島，并設(shè)立海南省、建立海南經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)。

但就在國(guó)家發(fā)展的緊要關(guān)頭，一些人卻對(duì)改革開(kāi)放提出了姓“社”還是姓“資”的疑問(wèn)，對(duì)黨的基本路線(xiàn)產(chǎn)生了動(dòng)搖。

這樣一種認(rèn)識(shí)，嚴(yán)重妨礙改革開(kāi)放的深化，特別是對(duì)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的嚴(yán)厲批評(píng)，更是讓人擔(dān)憂(yōu)有走回頭路的危險(xiǎn)。

在此關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻，1992年初，鄧小平視察南方，發(fā)表重要談話(huà)，深刻回答了長(zhǎng)期困擾和束縛人民思想的許多重大認(rèn)識(shí)問(wèn)題。

強(qiáng)調(diào)基本路線(xiàn)動(dòng)搖不得，計(jì)劃和市場(chǎng)都是手段，提出社會(huì)主義的本質(zhì)是通過(guò)解放生產(chǎn)力和發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力最終達(dá)到共同富裕，要抓住時(shí)機(jī)發(fā)展自己。

1992年10月，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨第十四次全國(guó)代表大會(huì)召開(kāi)。大會(huì)確立建設(shè)有中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的理論在全黨的指導(dǎo)地位，明確中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的目標(biāo)是建立社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制，并要求全黨抓住機(jī)遇、加快發(fā)展，集中精力把經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)搞上去。

以鄧小平南方談話(huà)和黨的十四大為標(biāo)志，中國(guó)社會(huì)主義改革開(kāi)放和社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)事業(yè)進(jìn)入新的發(fā)展階段。

方向決定道路，道路決定命運(yùn)。

改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)中國(guó)人民取得的根本成就，正是在于開(kāi)創(chuàng)和發(fā)展了中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義。

2013年，中共中央總書(shū)記習(xí)近平曾指出，中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義這條道路來(lái)之不易。“它是在改革開(kāi)放30多年的偉大實(shí)踐中走出來(lái)的，是在中華人民共和國(guó)成立60多年的持續(xù)探索中走出來(lái)的，是在對(duì)近代以來(lái)170多年中華民族發(fā)展歷程的深刻總結(jié)中走出來(lái)的，是在對(duì)中華民族5000多年悠久文明的傳承中走出來(lái)的，具有深厚的歷史淵源和廣泛的現(xiàn)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。”

現(xiàn)在，最關(guān)鍵的是堅(jiān)定不移走這條道路、與時(shí)俱進(jìn)拓展這條道路，推動(dòng)中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路越走越寬廣。

 

Reform and Opening-up，a Brilliant Stroke.

 

In December 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was held, ushering in the historic policy of reform and opening up. 

It has been proved over the following 40-plus years that reform and opening up is a vital step to seal the destiny of contemporary China.

The reform firstly started from the countryside.

In 1978, Xiaogang Village (in Fengyang County, Chuzhou City, Anhui Province) suffered a severe drought.

To go through it, Yan Junchang, the leader of the village's production team, called together 18 householders to sit around a kerosene lamp and hold secret discussions on dividing the farmland among themselves.

The 18 farmers put their fingerprints in red ink on a crumpled written agreement.

The content of this contract was very simple.It read,“We allot farmland to households under contract.Each householder must give their signature or fingerprint here.

If it works, each household must ensure the fulfillment of contracted grain to the state and promise not to ask for assistance from the government for grain and money.

If we fail, we —the village leaders —are ready to be put in jail and other commune members pledge to take care of all of our children until they are 18 years old."

As these farmers were scared and heavy-hearted, this historic contract was written in a scrawled way. There were even some wrongly written characters. 

They did not expect that this contract made against the backdrop of hunger inadvertently became a manifesto of reform in rural areas.

Before long, China's rural reform kicked off nationwide.

The household contract responsibility system was widely introduced throughout the country. 

The practice has proved that the implementation of the contract responsibility system has enabled the broad masses of Chinese farmers to obtain the right to manage land, which greatly aroused their initiative and developed rural productivity.

The per capita GDP of the United States was 41 times that of China in 1965, and reached 76 times that of China (US$127) in 1978. The gap was still widening.

European countries had established their highway networks, while in China there was no highway at all; in Marseille of France, the annual output of 3.5 million metric tons of steel at the Salmer steel plant only required about 7,000 workers, while nearly 67,000 workers just produced 2.3 million metric tons in the Wuhan iron and steel plant.

What a huge gap between China and the West!

Based on a series of investigations and discussions, the CPC Central Committee decided to open up to the world for better development.

In July 1979, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council decided to implement special policies and preferential measures to facilitate foreign economic activities in Guangdong and Fujian provinces, based on the favorable conditions that both provinces were adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, and had a large number of overseas Chinese.

In May 1980, China planned to set up special economic zones in Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong Province and Xiamen in Fujian Province.

In the following years, China opened up 14 coastal cities such as Dalian, Qinhuangdao, Tianjin and Yantai, opened up in two steps the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou Triangle in southern Fujian, Liaodong Peninsula and Jiaodong Peninsula,set up Hainan Province and established the Hainan Special Economic Zone.

However, at the critical moment of national development, some people questioned whether the reform and opening up should be surnamed socialism or capitalism, and began to waver in their adherence to the Party's basic line. 

Such a misunderstanding seriously hindered the deepening of reform and opening up. Especially the severe criticism of the market economy made people worry about the danger of turning back to old approaches.

At this crucial moment, Deng Xiaoping visited southern China and delivered important speeches in early 1992, answering many questions that had long plagued people. 

He stressed that we should not waver in our adherence to the basic line, and that planning and market forces are both means of controlling economic activities. He proposed that the essence of socialism is to achieve common prosperity by liberating and developing productive forces, and we should seize the opportunity to improve ourselves .

In October 1992, the 14th National Congress of the CPC was held. The Congress established the guiding position of the theory of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, made it clear that the goal of China's economic system reform is to build a socialist market economic system, and required the whole Party to seize the opportunity, accelerate development, and concentrate on economic construction.

Marked by Deng Xiaoping's talks during his southern tour and the 14th National Congress of the CPC, China's reform and opening up as well as socialist modernization has since entered a new phase of development.

The direction determines the path, and the path determines the future. 

Since the reform and opening up, the Chinese people have made fundamental achievements under the leadership of the CPC, that is, creating and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.

Xi Jinping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, said in 2013 that the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics has not come easily. "It has been forged through more than 30 years of reform and opening up, through more than 60 years of continuous exploration since the founding of the People's Republic of China, through the profound summary of more than 170 years of development of the Chinese nation in modern times, and through the inheritance of the over 5,000-year-oldChinese civilization. It has a profound historical origin and an extensive practical foundation."

Now, what matters most is to unswervingly follow this path, keep pace with the times to expand this path, and continue to open up the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

 

《紅星何以照耀中國(guó)》 / 中國(guó)網(wǎng)出品

出品人 / 王曉輝    

總監(jiān)制 / 楊新華    

總策劃 / 蔡曉娟   

執(zhí)行策劃 / 蔣新宇

專(zhuān)家顧問(wèn) / 陳述 中共中央黨校教授    陳中奎 中國(guó)人民解放軍國(guó)防大學(xué)副教授

導(dǎo)演 / 仇俊博    

編導(dǎo) / 申罡  時(shí)暢  郭澤涵  魯波  孔竟?jié)?/strong>

設(shè)計(jì) / 顧榕楠

制作 / 馬躍

翻譯 / 汪瑋  李秀宇

攝影 / 陶世欣  毛歡東

后期 / 于舜源  傅華洋